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The Wainwright Building in St Louis Is an Example of Quizlet Art

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Us celebrated place

Wainwright Building

U.Southward. National Register of Historic Places

U.S. National Historic Landmark

St. Louis Landmark
Wainwright building st louis USA.jpg

Wainwright Building, leap 1986
Location St. Louis, Missouri
Coordinates 38°37′37″N xc°11′32″W  /  38.62694°N 90.19222°W  / 38.62694; -ninety.19222 Coordinates: 38°37′37″N 90°xi′32″West  /  38.62694°N 90.19222°W  / 38.62694; -90.19222
Built 1891
Architect Adler & Sullivan
Architectural style Chicago schoolhouse
NRHP referenceNo. 68000054[1]
Significant dates
Added to NRHP May 23, 1968
Designated NHL May 23, 1968[2]

The Wainwright Edifice (besides known equally the Wainwright Country Office Building) is a 10-story, 41 m (135 ft) terra cotta office building at 709 Chestnut Street in downtown St. Louis, Missouri.[3] The Wainwright Edifice is considered to be one of the first aesthetically fully expressed early skyscrapers. It was designed by Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan and built between 1890 and 1891.[4] It was named for local brewer, building contractor, and financier Ellis Wainwright.[northward 1]

The building, listed as a landmark both locally and nationally, is described as "a highly influential prototype of the mod office building" by the National Register of Historic Places.[1] Architect Frank Lloyd Wright called the Wainwright Building "the very kickoff man expression of a tall steel office-building as Architecture."[5]

The edifice is currently owned by the State of Missouri and houses state offices.[6]

In May 2013 it was listed by an episode of the PBS series ten That Changed America equally one of "10 Buildings That Changed America" because it was "the first skyscraper that truly looked the part" with Sullivan being dubbed the "Father of Skyscrapers."[vii]

Committee, design and structure [edit]

The Wainwright building was commissioned by Ellis Wainwright, a St. Louis brewer. Wainwright needed office space to manage the St Louis Brewers Association.[8] Information technology was the 2d major commission for a tall building won past the Adler & Sullivan business firm, which had grown to international prominence after the creation of the 10-story Auditorium Building in Chicago (designed in 1886 and completed in 1889).[9] As designed, the first floor of the Wainwright Building was intended for street-accessible shops, with the second floor filled with easily accessible public offices. The higher floors were for "honeycomb" offices, while the top floor was for water tanks and building machinery.[10]

Architecture [edit]

Aesthetically, the Wainwright Building exemplifies Sullivan'due south theories about the tall building, which included a tripartite (3-role) composition (base-shaft-attic) based on the structure of the classical column,[11] and his desire to emphasize the height of the building. He wrote: "[The skyscraper] must exist alpine, every inch of information technology tall. The force and power of altitude must be in information technology the celebrity and pride of exaltation must be in information technology. It must be every inch a proud and soaring thing, ascension in sheer exultation that from lesser to top it is a unit of measurement without a single dissenting line." His 1896 article cited his Wainwright Building as an example.[12] Despite the classical column concept, the edifice'due south design was deliberately modern, featuring none of the neoclassical style that Sullivan held in contempt.[8]

The piers read as pillars

Historian Carl W. Condit described the Wainwright as "a building with a potent, vigorously articulated base supporting a screen that constitutes a vivid epitome of powerful upwards movement."[thirteen] The base of operations independent retail stores that required wide glazed openings; Sullivan'south ornament made the supporting piers read as pillars. Above information technology the semi-public nature of offices up a single flight of stairs are expressed as wide windows in the drapery wall. A cornice separates the second floor from the grid of identical windows of the screen wall, where each window is "a cell in a honeycomb, nothing more".[fourteen] The edifice's windows and horizontals were inset slightly behind columns and piers, as part of a "vertical artful" to create what Sullivan called "a proud and soaring affair."[15] This perception has since been criticized every bit the skyscraper was designed to make coin, not to serve as a symbol.[sixteen]

The intricate frieze along the acme of the building along with the bull's-center windows.

The ornamentation for the building includes a wide frieze beneath the deep cornice, which expresses the formalized yet naturalistic celery-leaf foliage typical of Sullivan and published in his Organization of Architectural Ornament, decorated spandrels betwixt the windows on the dissimilar floors and an elaborate door surround at the main archway. "Autonomously from the slender brick piers, the just solids of the wall surface are the spandrel panels between the windows. ... . They have rich decorative patterns in low relief, varying in pattern and scale with each story."[17] The frieze is pierced by unobtrusive bull's-eye windows that lite the top-story floor, originally containing water tanks and elevator machinery. The edifice includes embellishments of terra cotta,[18] a edifice material that was gaining popularity at the fourth dimension of structure.[19]

Ane of Sullivan's chief concerns was the development of an architectural symbolism consisting of simple geometric, structural forms and organic ornamentation.[20] The Wainwright Building where he juxtaposed the objective-tectonic and the subjective-organic was the showtime sit-in of this symbolism.[20]

The Wainwright Building in 2012.

Different Sullivan, Adler described the building as a "plainly concern structure" stating:[21]

In a utilitarian age similar ours it is safe to presume that the real-estate possessor and the investor in buildings volition continue to cock the class of buildings from which the greatest possible revenue can exist obtained with the to the lowest degree possible outlay ... The purpose of erecting buildings other than those required for the shelter of their owners is specifically that of making investments for profit.[21]

The building is considered the first skyscraper to forgo the normal ornamentation used on skyscrapers at the time.[22]

Some architectural elements from the building have been removed in renovations and taken to the Sauget, Illinois storage site of the National Building Arts Heart.[23]

History [edit]

Upon its initial completion, the Wainwright Building was "popular with the people" and received "favorably" by critics.[8]

In 1968, the building was designated as a National Historic Landmark[24] and in 1972 it was named a city landmark.[25]

The Wainwright edifice was initially rescued from demolition by the National Trust for Historic Preservation when the Trust took an option on the structure.[ when? ] [26] Afterward, it was acquired by Missouri equally role of a land office complex and the St. Louis Landmarks Association, in ane of its early victories, is credited with having rescued the Wainwright Building from a construction project.[27]

The neighboring Lincoln Trust building (subsequently known as the Championship Guaranty edifice; designed by Eames and Young, congenital in 1898 at 706 Chestnut St.) was demolished to brand style for the Gateway Mall in 1983. Carolyn Toft, Landmarks Association's executive manager, stated that this edifice "... formed an ensemble with three other belatedly-19th century commercial buildings, including [the Wainwright Building], that could non be equaled anywhere else in the land. Saving the Wainwright was important, but how much more important it would have been to save the entire group."[28] Architect John D. Randall led an extensive letter-writing campaign to the governor and other noted officials; the entrada resulted in the restoration of the building as a state function edifice instead of its demolition.[29]

Afterward a flow of neglect, the edifice at present houses Missouri state offices.[6]

See also [edit]

  • Listing of tallest buildings in St. Louis
  • National Annals of Historic Places listings in St. Louis, Missouri
  • Listing of National Celebrated Landmarks in Missouri

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Sullivan also designed the Wainwright Tomb in St. Louis'due south Bellefontaine Cemetery for his married woman Charlotte Dickson Wainwright.

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b "National Annals Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.
  2. ^ "Wainwright Edifice". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 2009-03-01. Retrieved 2008-06-28 .
  3. ^ "Wainwright Building". Structurae.
  4. ^ "skyscraper." The Columbia Encyclopedia. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008. Credo Reference. Web. 25 March 2011.
  5. ^ Wright, Frank Lloyd (1931). "The Tyranny of the Skyscraper". Modern Architecture. Princeton: Princeton University Printing: 85.
  6. ^ a b "Best of Political Fix". St. Louis Postal service-Dispatch. February 12, 2009.
  7. ^ Bear, Rob (x May 2013). "Mapping PBS's 10 Buildings That Changed America". Curbed.com. Retrieved 13 May 2013.
  8. ^ a b c Korom, Joseph J. (2008). The American Skyscraper, 1850–1940: A Celebration of Tiptop. Branden Books. pp. 167. ISBN978-0-8283-2188-4. Wainwright Edifice.
  9. ^ Elstein, Rochelle Berger (Bound–Summer 2005). "Adler & Sullivan: The End of the Partnership and Its Aftermath". Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society. 98 (one/two): 51–81.
  10. ^ van Zanten, David (March–April 2002). "Chief of the Skyscraper". Humanities. 23 (2).
  11. ^ "THE CHICAGO SCHOOL, BEAUX-ARTS, AND THE Urban center Beautiful." The Greenwood Encyclopedia of American Regional Cultures: The Midwest. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2004. Credo Reference. Web. 25 March 2011.
  12. ^ Sullivan, Louis H. (March 1896). "The tall office building artistically considered". Lippincott's Magazine.
  13. ^ Condit, Carl West. (1973). The Chicago School of Architecture: A History of Commercial and Public Edifice in the Chicago Expanse, 1875–1925. Academy of Chicago Press. ISBN0-226-11455-iv.
  14. ^ Sullivan, quoted in David Van Zanten, Sullivan's metropolis: the meaning of decoration for Louis Sullivan.
  15. ^ "Sullivan, Louis H". The Reader's Companion to American History. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 1991. Retrieved March 25, 2011. (subscription required)
  16. ^ Hoffman, p. iii
  17. ^ Morrison, Hugh, Louis Sullivan: Prophet of Modern Compages, West.W. Norton Company, New York, 1963, c. 1935 p. 146
  18. ^ Mike Michaelson (April 19, 2009). "More than meets the curvation". Post-Tribune.
  19. ^ Mark Sommer (October vi, 2010). "Guaranty glows in picture show role – Landmark featured in documentary on famous builder". The Buffalo News.
  20. ^ a b "Sullivan, Louis H". Encyclopedia of Urban America: The Cities and Suburbs. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. 1998. Retrieved March 25, 2011. (subscription required)
  21. ^ a b Hoffman, p. 5
  22. ^ Glaeser, Edward (2011). "How Skyscrapers Can Save the Metropolis". Atlantic Monthly. 307 (two): forty–53. ISSN 1072-7825.
  23. ^ Listing of Recovered Buildings
  24. ^ National Celebrated Landmarks Program (NHL) Archived 2009-03-01 at the Wayback Machine
  25. ^ Wainwright Building
  26. ^ St. Louis Historic Preservation
  27. ^ Matthew Hathaway (December 2, 2008). "New boss at Landmarks juggles many challenges Revitalization of Arch grounds could be agency's biggest preservation battle". St. Louis Post-Acceleration.
  28. ^ David Bonetti and Diane Toroian Keaggy (July 27, 2008). "Gone but not forgotten We asked our console of experts to select demolished buildings that have left an unfillable gap in the cityscape or the city's collective memory". St. Louis Post-Dispatch.
  29. ^ "John D. Randall – ARCHITECT JOHN D. RANDALL HELPED TO BUILD SIUE, FOUGHT TO SAVE WAINWRIGHT BUILDING". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. January 16, 1999.
Sources
  • Glaeser, Edward (2011). "How Skyscrapers Can Save the City". Atlantic Monthly. 307 (ii): 40–53. ISSN 1072-7825.
  • "National Annals of Celebrated Places: Inventory – Nomination Class" (PDF). Missouri Department of Natural Resource. Retrieved 2008-05-30 .
  • Hoffmann, Donald (January 13, 1998). Frank Lloyd Wright, Louis Sullivan, and the skyscraper. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN978-0-486-40209-3 . Retrieved March 27, 2011.

External links [edit]

  • Images and architectural information
  • "Wainwright Building photographs". University of Missouri–St. Louis.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wainwright_Building

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